Jaina Sutras Part IIJainismAccepted ScripturePrakritShareSutrakritanga Sutra, Second Book 2.3Hermann Jacobi / SBE vol. 45 - EnglishMoreVersion - 1 availableHermann Jacobi / SBE vol. 45LanguageEnglishEspañol‹Uttaradhyayana Sutra 1Uttaradhyayana Sutra 2Uttaradhyayana Sutra 3Uttaradhyayana Sutra 4Uttaradhyayana Sutra 5Uttaradhyayana Sutra 6Uttaradhyayana Sutra 7Uttaradhyayana Sutra 8Uttaradhyayana Sutra 9Uttaradhyayana Sutra 10Uttaradhyayana Sutra 11Uttaradhyayana Sutra 12Uttaradhyayana Sutra 13Uttaradhyayana Sutra 14Uttaradhyayana Sutra 15Uttaradhyayana Sutra 16Uttaradhyayana Sutra 17Uttaradhyayana Sutra 18Uttaradhyayana Sutra 19Uttaradhyayana Sutra 20Uttaradhyayana Sutra 21Uttaradhyayana Sutra 22Uttaradhyayana Sutra 23Uttaradhyayana Sutra 24Uttaradhyayana Sutra 25Uttaradhyayana Sutra 26Uttaradhyayana Sutra 27Uttaradhyayana Sutra 28Uttaradhyayana Sutra 29Uttaradhyayana Sutra 30Uttaradhyayana Sutra 31Uttaradhyayana Sutra 32Uttaradhyayana Sutra 33Uttaradhyayana Sutra 34Uttaradhyayana Sutra 35Uttaradhyayana Sutra 36Sutrakritanga Sutra, First Book 1.1Sutrakritanga Sutra, First Book 1.2Sutrakritanga Sutra, First Book 1.3Sutrakritanga Sutra, First Book 1.4Sutrakritanga Sutra, First Book 1.5Sutrakritanga Sutra, First Book 1.6Sutrakritanga Sutra, First Book 1.7Sutrakritanga Sutra, First Book 1.8Sutrakritanga Sutra, First Book 1.9Sutrakritanga Sutra, First Book 1.10Sutrakritanga Sutra, First Book 1.11Sutrakritanga Sutra, First Book 1.12Sutrakritanga Sutra, First Book 1.13Sutrakritanga Sutra, First Book 1.14Sutrakritanga Sutra, First Book 1.15Sutrakritanga Sutra, First Book 1.16Sutrakritanga Sutra, Second Book 2.1Sutrakritanga Sutra, Second Book 2.2Sutrakritanga Sutra, Second Book 2.3Sutrakritanga Sutra, Second Book 2.4Sutrakritanga Sutra, Second Book 2.5Sutrakritanga Sutra, Second Book 2.6Sutrakritanga Sutra, Second Book 2.7›Sutrakritanga Sutra, Second Book: Third Lecture - Knowledge of FoodSutrakritanga Sutra, Second Book 2.3ListenPlay this chapter in spoken English.Save chapterListen to chapter1THIRD LECTURE, CALLED KNOWLEDGE OF FOOD. O long-lived (6^ambusvamin) ! I (Sudharman) have heard the following discourse from the Vener- able (Mahivira). We now come to the Lecture called * Knowledge of Food.’ The contents of it are as follows : Here in the East, West, North, and South there are, all in all, in the world four kinds of seed : seeds generated at the top (of the plant), at its root, at its knots, at its stem \ According to the seed and place ^ The commentators here give the reading of the NagSi;^any’as : ‘the growth of seeds of the plants is fivefold, viz. they grow from the top (of the plant), its root, its knots, its stem, and its beads ; (of growth) of these plants some beings — born in earth, originated in earth, and grown in earth, having in it their birth, origin, and growth, being impelled by their Karman, and coming forth in it on account of their Karman, growing there in particles of earth, the origin of various things — come forth as trees*, (i) These living beings feed on the liquid substance ® of these particles of earth, the origin of various things ; these beings consume earth bodies, water- bodies, fire-bodies, wind-bodies, bodies of plants ; they deprive of life the bodies of manifold movable and immovable beings ; the destroyed bodies which have been consumed before, or absorbed by the rind, (are) digested and assimilated (by them). 2And the bodies of these (trees) which bring forth their different parts, are of manifold colours, smells, tastes, touches, forms, and arrangement of corporeal par- ticles and some are of a sixth kind called sammOr^'^ima’ (i.e. those plants which are believed to be originated by the coalescing particles of the substance in which they grow, e.g. grass springing up on ground lately cleared by fire). — The various readings of the NSg.'ir^untyas are occasionally quoted in commentaries (see e.g. part i, p. 32, note 2). But I do not think that it has been satis- factorily made out who these Nagarguniyas were. * The meaning is, that souls who on account of their Karman are to be born as trees, pretiously are embodied in earth, and thence they are transferred by their Karman to the seed which brings forth the tree. ~ Si»6ha, explained: snigdhabhava. In the sequel where plants are spoken of, I shall render this word by ‘ sap ’ or ‘humours,’ as the context may require. ® I.e. the food assimilated by the tree is the material of which its different parts, as root, stem, leaves, &c., are formed, and these part? are of manifold form, colours, &c. These beings (animating trees) come into existence because of their Karman ; so we are taught (by the Tlrthakaras, &c.) (2) And again it has been said of old : 3some beings born in trees, originated by trees, sprung from trees, (&c., as in § I, down to) springing from trees that originated in earth, come forth as trees originated by trees These beings feed on the sap of the trees originated in earth, (&c., all as in } 2, down to the end). (3) (In the same way, and in nearly the same words, the offshoots of the trees mentioned in the preceding paragraph are treated of.) (4) And again it has been said of old : some beings born in trees, (&c., all as above, down to) growing in trees, that are originated by trees, come forth as their roots, bulb, stem, branches, twigs, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds These beings feed on the sap of those trees originated by trees, (&c., all as in § 2, down to) and the bodies of the roots, bulb, stem, &c. are of manifold colours, (&c., all as in § 2, down to the end). (5) (The four paragraphs that come next, 6-9, are identical with the preceding ones, except that ‘creeper is substituted for ‘tree.’) (6-9) (In the same way ‘ grass is treated in four paragraphs, but the whole is much abridged ; then ^ Apparently trees sprung from shoots, sprouts, aerial-roots, &c. are meant. They are considered' as a class different from those whose offshoots they are. ® One soul, jg^iva, pervades the whole tree; it is the soul of the tree. Separate ^'Jvas, however, reside in the roots, &c. 4* ruha = adhy Sr 6ha, explained in the Dipikd: valli- vri'ksha. * Tn'ua, it is said that ‘herbs' ’ and ‘plants-®-’ are to be treated in four paragraphs each.) (10-15) And again it has been said of old ; some beings born in earth, (&c., all as in § i, down to) growing there in particles of eardi that are the origin of various things, come forth as Aj^, Kiya, Kuha^/a, Kandu, Uv\^^aliya, Niw^haliya, fesava, SaH-Z/a, Aj^attaga, Vlisi«iya ®. (The rest as in § 2, but sub- stitute the words Aya, &c. for ‘ trees.’) Here there is only one paragraph, the remaining three do not apply here ■*. (16) And again it has been said of old : some beings born in Avater, (&c., all as in §§ i-ii, substitute only * water ’ for ‘ earth.’ Thus we have four paragraphs for trees, four for creepers, four for grass, four for herbs, four for plants). (17) Now it has been said of old t some beings born in water, (&c., all as above, down to) growing in par- ticles of water that are the origin of various things, come forth as Udaga, Avaga*, Fa«a^, Sdvala® Kalambuyaf, Kas^ruya®, ICaZ-^^abhdKiya, Uppala, ^ Osahi^Oshadhi. * ‘"x-fJ^-hich * All the commentators say about the words Aya, & . ( offer some various readings in the MSS.), is * ^ particular plants (^'anaspalh■iJ€sha) which must e people (whS know them). 5I give the words in then Prakrn form, and do not attempt to evcept through * For there are no Ayas ongmated by Ayas e-ri. p » Avaka, a grassy plant growing in marshy land. Blysa Octandra. - « ^aivdla, the aquatic plant Vallisnena. ^ Kadamba, Nauclea Kadamba. * Kararu, Scirpus Kysoor. Pauma,Kumuya, Naliwa \ Subhagas6;/iya, Foncianya, Mah^poy/rfariya, Sayavatta, Sahassavatta, Kalh&ra, K6ka«ada, T&marasa-, as stalks and fibres of lotus, as Pukkhala®, and Pukkhalatthibhaga. (The rest similar as in § 2.) (18) And again it has' been said of old : some beings come forth as movable beings from trees born in earth, from trees originated by trees, from the roots, (&c., down to) seeds produced by trees, originated by creepers born on trees, from creepers born on creepers, Trom the roots, &c. of creepers born on creepers, from grass ■*, from herbs ■*, from plants from Aya, (&c., all down to) Kura born in earth ; from trees born in water (the rest similar as vdth trees born in earth), from Udaga, (&c., all down to) Pukkhalatthibhaga born in water. (19) These creatures feed on the sap of the trees, creepers, grass, herbs, plants, be they born in earth or water, on trees or creepers or grass or herbs or plants ; (the sap) of their roots, (&c., all down to) seeds, of Ayas, &c., of Udakas, &c. And these creatures consume eardi-bodies, (&c., all as in § 2, down to) assimilated by them. 6And the bodies of these beings bom of trees, creepers, grass, herbs, plants, their roots, &c., of Ayas, &c., of Udagas, &c., are of manifold colours, (&c., die rest as in $ 2, down to the end). (20) * The last four arc well-known varieties of lotus, called in Sanskrit: utpala, padma, kumuda, nalina. - The Sanskrit of the last seven items is : pu«</Arika, inahapuHi/- arika, jatapattra, sahasrapattra. kahlara, kokanada, and tamarasa ; they are all varieties of lotus. ® Pushkara. ' * This is to be detailed in the same way as with trees and creepers. HOOK 2, LECTURE 3. And again it has been said of old : a man and a woman combine in cohabitation in a cunnus, which was produced by their Karman, and there they deposit their humours. Therein are born the souls of different men, viz. of those born in KarmabhAmi \ or in Akarmabhiimi, or in the minor continents, of Ar5^as and barbarians, as women or men or eunuchs, accord' ing to the semen and blood of the mother® and the other circumstances® (contingent on their coming into existence). These beings at first feed on the menses of the mother and the semen of the father, or both combined into an unclean, foul (substance). And afterwards they absorb with a part (of their bodies) the essence of whatever food the mothers take. 7Gradually increasing and attaining to the proper dimensions of a foetus ® they come forth from the womb, some as males, some as females, some as. neuters. As long as they are babies, they suck the mother's milk ; but when they grow older, they eat boiled rice, or gruel, or both movable and immov- able beings. These beings consume earth-bodies, (&c,, ail as before, down to) assimilated by them. And the bodies of these men, viz. those born in Karmabhdmi, or AkarmabhOmi, or in the minor continents, of Aryas and barbarians, are of mani- * Compare note i, p. 225. ® Both are indicated in the text by bi^a. According to .Silahka, a male will be produced if the semen is in excess ; a female, if the blood ; a neuter, if they are equally balanced. ® AvaliUja. According to .Silauka, a male is produced from the right side of the womb, a female fiom the left, a neuter from both together. ^ 6yam = 6^as. ® PaliySgam, explained garbhaparipSka. SCTRAKJ?rrA5rGA. fold colours, (&€., all as in § 2, down to the end). {21) (This paragraph is nearly identical with the pre- ceding one, but substitute ‘aquatic animals of five organs of sense, \nz. fishes, (all down to)^ porpoises/ for ‘different men* in the beginning and the end. The following sentence in the middle is slightly different ; it runs thus : 8* as long as they are )’Oung, they feed on the mathers’ humours, but when diey grow older they eat plants, or both movable and immovable beings.’) (22) (This paragraph treats of) quadrupeds^, terrestrial animals vdth five organs of sense, \’iz. solidungular animals, biungular animals, multiungular animals, and animals having toes with nails. (All as in the last paragraph, only ‘ as long as they are young, they feed on dieir mothers’ milk.’) (23) (This paragraph treats reptiles moving on the breast, (being) terrestrial animals with five organs of sense, viz. snakes, huge snakes®, Ajalika, and dragons ■*. (All as before, but the following passage is different.) Some bring forth eggs, some bring forth living young ones ; some come out of the egg as males, some as temales, some as neuters. As long as they are young, they live on wind. (The rest as above.) (24) (This paragraph treats of) terrestrial animals with five organs of sense, walking on their arms, viz. iguanas, ichneumons, porcupines, frogs, chameleons, * See Uttarddly-aTana XXXVI, 173 ; above, p. 223. - Compare Uitaradhra^-ana XXXVI, iSo, ibidem. ® Agagara, literaSy serpents which devour goats. I^Iahoraga. According to the Guzemti gloss these snakes nre a thousand yqgranas long. Kh6ras, Gharak6tllas Vissawbharas rats, man- gooses, Pailaiyas, cats, Cdhas, i^fdupp^Liyas ®. 9(The rest as in the last paragraph.) (25) (This paragraph treats of) aerial animals with five organs of sense : birds with membranous wings, birds with feathered wings, birds with wings in the shape of a box, and birds (which sit on) outspread wings *, (All as before ; only the following passage is different) ; ‘ As long as they are young, they are hatched by their mothers' warmth,’ (The rest as above.) (26) And again it has been said of old : there are beings of manifold birth and origin, (&c., all as in § I, down to) growing there on the animate or in- animate bodies of manifold movable or immovable creatures, come forth as parasites®. These beings feed on the humours of various movable and im- movable creatures, &c. And the bodies of these movable and immovable parasites are of manifold colours, (&c., as above). (27) In the same way vermin generated in filthy sub- stances ° and in the skin of living animals are to be treated of. (28, 29) And again it has been said of old ; there are some beinsfs of manifold birth and origin, (&c., all as in^ i, o > G/v'hak6kila, probably identical with gr/hagdlika, a lizard. * Vifvawbhara is given in the smaller Petersburg Dictionary as the name of a scorpion or some similar animal. However, it must denote here some other animal. » This may be /{’atushpEdika, quadruped ; 10but then the word must be taken in a restricted sense, perhaps, small qu^rupeds. * See Uttaradhj'ayanaXXXW, 187; above, p. 224. Per aps ee ties and butterdies are intended by the two last kinds orpakshinsf ® A«usflya = anusfita oranusyfita. ® Durfivasambhava. Khurudvga. st)TRAKiJ7TANGA. down to) growing thereon (or in) the animate or inanimate bodies of manifold movable or immov- able creatures as that (water)-body ^ which is pro- duced by wind, condensed by wind, and carried along by wind ; it goes upwards, when there is an upward wind ; it goes downwards, when there is a downward wind ; it goes in a horizontal direction, when there is a horizontal wind; (its varieties are) hoar-frost, snow, mist, hailstones, dew, and rain. These beings feed on the humours of these manifold movable and immovable creatures, &c. And the bodies of these (water-lives, viz.) hoar-frost, &c., produced by manifold movable or immovable creatures, are of manifold colours, (&c., as above) -. (50) And again it has been said of old : some beings, born in water, (&c., all similar as in { i, down to) come forth in water(-bodies) in the water produced by manifold movable or immovable beings. These beings feed on the humours of the water(-bodies) produced by manifold movable and immovable creatures. (The rest similar as above.) (31) And again it has been said of old : 11some beings, born in water, (&c., all similar as in ^ i, down to) come forth in water-bodies produced by other water- bodies. These beings feed on the humours of those other water-bodies produced by water-bodies. (The rest similar as above.) (32) And again it has been said of old : some beings, born in water, (See., all similar as in § i, down to) come forth as movable creatures in the water ’ There is apparently no predicat in this sentence. * This paragraph gives the * scientific ’ explanation of the way by which water-bodies or the bodies of water-lives are produced by produced by water-bodies. These beings feed on the humours of the water(-bodies) produced by water. (The rest similar as before.) (33) And again it has been said of old : some beings, of various birth and origin, (&c., all as in § i, down to) come forth as fire-bodies in the manifold animate or inanimate bodies of movable or immovable creatures These beings feed on the manifold movable or immovable creatures. (The rest similar as before.) The remaining three paragraphs are similar (to those treating of) water-bodies. (34) (This paragraph treats of wind-bodies in the same way as the preceding ones treated of fire-bodies ; like it, it consists of four paragraphs). (35) And again it has been said of old : 12some beings, of various birth and origin, (&c., all as in ^ i, down to) come forth, in tlie manifold animate and inani- mate bodies of movable and immovable creatures®, as earth, gravel, &c. Here the following verses (from the Uttarddhyayana XXXVI, 74"77) be made use of : 1. Earth, gravel, sand, stones, rocks, rock-salt, iron, copper, tin. lead, silver, gold, and diamond; 2. Orpiment, vermilion, realgar, SSsaka, antimony, coral, Abhrapa/ala, Abhrav&luka ; these are varieties of gross (earth-)bodies, and precious stones. ‘ E.g. when two bulls or elephants rush upon one another, sparks of fire are seen issuing from their horns or teeth. Mre is produced when tu'o pieces of wood or stone are rubbed one against ® According to the commentators, earth-bodies are , the shape of precious stones, in the bead of snakes, 0 pea teeth (sic) of elephants, and so in reeds, &c. 3. Hyacinth, natron, Anka, crystal, Lohitaksha, emerald, Masaragalla, Bhn^moitaka, and sapphire ; 4. ATandana, red chalk, Hawsagarbha, Piilaka, and sulphur ; jfifandraprabha, lapis lazuli, 6^alakinta, and Sury-aklinta. These beings feed on the humours of these manifold movable and immovable beings. (The rest as above.) The remaining three paragraphs are similar (to those treating of) water-bodies. (36) And again it has been said of old; 13all sorts of living beings, of manifold birth, origin, and growth, born in bodies, originated in bodies, grown in bodies, feeding on bodies, experience their Karman, are actuated by it, have their form and duration of life determined by Karman, and undergo changes through the influence of Karman. This you should know, and knownng it you will be careful and cir- cumspect with regard to ^’’our food, and always exert yourself. (37) Thus I sa}’’. ‹Previous chapterSutrakritanga Sutra, Second Book 2.2Next chapterSutrakritanga Sutra, Second Book 2.4›Similar passagesBy tradition and source labelFind similarCompare selectedCompare with similarAsk Deep ThoughtSelect passages to search for parallels.Tap any verse to select it, then compare selected passages or ask Deep Thought. Public-domain 1895 English translation