Jaina Sutras Part IIJainismAccepted ScripturePrakritShareUttaradhyayana Sutra 36Hermann Jacobi / SBE vol. 45 - EnglishMoreVersion - 1 availableHermann Jacobi / SBE vol. 45LanguageEnglishEspañol‹Uttaradhyayana Sutra 1Uttaradhyayana Sutra 2Uttaradhyayana Sutra 3Uttaradhyayana Sutra 4Uttaradhyayana Sutra 5Uttaradhyayana Sutra 6Uttaradhyayana Sutra 7Uttaradhyayana Sutra 8Uttaradhyayana Sutra 9Uttaradhyayana Sutra 10Uttaradhyayana Sutra 11Uttaradhyayana Sutra 12Uttaradhyayana Sutra 13Uttaradhyayana Sutra 14Uttaradhyayana Sutra 15Uttaradhyayana Sutra 16Uttaradhyayana Sutra 17Uttaradhyayana Sutra 18Uttaradhyayana Sutra 19Uttaradhyayana Sutra 20Uttaradhyayana Sutra 21Uttaradhyayana Sutra 22Uttaradhyayana Sutra 23Uttaradhyayana Sutra 24Uttaradhyayana Sutra 25Uttaradhyayana Sutra 26Uttaradhyayana Sutra 27Uttaradhyayana Sutra 28Uttaradhyayana Sutra 29Uttaradhyayana Sutra 30Uttaradhyayana Sutra 31Uttaradhyayana Sutra 32Uttaradhyayana Sutra 33Uttaradhyayana Sutra 34Uttaradhyayana Sutra 35Uttaradhyayana Sutra 36Sutrakritanga Sutra, First Book 1.1Sutrakritanga Sutra, First Book 1.2Sutrakritanga Sutra, First Book 1.3Sutrakritanga Sutra, First Book 1.4Sutrakritanga Sutra, First Book 1.5Sutrakritanga Sutra, First Book 1.6Sutrakritanga Sutra, First Book 1.7Sutrakritanga Sutra, First Book 1.8Sutrakritanga Sutra, First Book 1.9Sutrakritanga Sutra, First Book 1.10Sutrakritanga Sutra, First Book 1.11Sutrakritanga Sutra, First Book 1.12Sutrakritanga Sutra, First Book 1.13Sutrakritanga Sutra, First Book 1.14Sutrakritanga Sutra, First Book 1.15Sutrakritanga Sutra, First Book 1.16Sutrakritanga Sutra, Second Book 2.1Sutrakritanga Sutra, Second Book 2.2Sutrakritanga Sutra, Second Book 2.3Sutrakritanga Sutra, Second Book 2.4Sutrakritanga Sutra, Second Book 2.5Sutrakritanga Sutra, Second Book 2.6Sutrakritanga Sutra, Second Book 2.7›Uttaradhyayana Sutra: Thirty-Sixth Lecture - On Living Beings and Things Without LifeUttaradhyayana Sutra 36ListenPlay this chapter in spoken English.Save chapterListen to chapter1THIRTY-SIXTH LECTURE. ON LIVING BEINGS AND THINGS WITHOUT LIFE”. Now learn from me with attentive minds the division of Living Beings and Things without life \ which a monk must know who is to exert himself in self-control, (i) * By the destruction of the vtrySntaraya. • It will perhaps not be amiss to give a ^stematic list of the subjects treated in this lecture. The numbers refer to the verses. A. Things without life, 3-48. (1) Without form, 5-9. (2) With form, 10-48. B. Living Beings, 48-246. (1) Perfected souls, 50-68. (2) Mundane Beings, 69-246. a. Immovable Beings, 71—106. a. Earth Lives, 71-84. Water Lives, 85-92. y. Plants, 93-106. 3 . Movable Beings, ioS-246. a. Fire Lives, 109— 1 17. / 5 . Wind Lives, 118-126. 7. Beings with an orgamc body, 127-246. * See next page. LECTURE XXXVI. The Living Beings and the Things without life make up this world (L6ka) ; but the space where only Things without life are found is called the Non-world (A 16 ka). (2) The Living Beings and the Things without life will be described with reference to i. substance, 2. place, 3. time, and 4. development. (3) A. Things without life. Things without life are i. possessing form, 2. formless ; the formless things are of ten kinds, those possessing form are of four kinds. (4) (1) The ten kinds of formless things : i. Dharma, 2. its divisions, 3. its indivisible parts ; 4 * Adharma, 5. 2its divisions, 6. its indivisible parts ,* 7. space. 5 . With two organs of sense, 128-136. ii. With three organs of sense, i 37 “* 4 S- iii. With four organs of sense, 146-155. iv. With five organs of sense, 156-246. o. Denizens of hell, 157-170. b. Animals (vertebratae), 171-193* 1. Aquatic, 171-178. 2. Terrestrial, 179-186. 3. Aerial, 187-193. c. Men, 194-202. d. Gods, 203-246. 1. BhavanavSsin, 205, 218. 2. Vyantara, 206, 219. 3. (PyStishka, 207, 220. 4. VaimSnika, ao8, 221-246. a'. Living in Kalpas, 209, aio, 221-232. b'. Living above the Kalpas, 211. a'. Graivgyakas, 212, 2131 233-241* 0 . Anuttaras, 214-217, 242, 243* . former is de6n«lM - upsyiavrn taLords«» »iU. oar tax., XXVIII, ro; .be Isder is also called pudgala. uttarAdhyayaka. 8. its divisions, 9. its indivisible parts, and 10. time \ (5, 6) Dharma and Adharma are co-extensive with the World (L6ka) ; space fills the World and the Non- world (A16ka) ; time exists in what is called the place of time^ (7) Dharma, Adharma, and Space are ever without beginning and end. (8f) And tinie also, if regarded as a continuous flow is called so (i. e. without beginning and end) ; but with regard to an individual thing it has a beginning and an end. (9) (2) The four kinds of things possessing form are I. compound things, 2. their divisions, 3. their indivisible parts, and 4. 3atoms ^ (10) Compound things and atoms occur as individual things and apart (or different from others) in the whole world and in parts of the world ; this is their distribution with regard to place, (ii) Subtile things occur all over the vrorld, gross things only in a part of it. ^ It is here called addhS-samaya, which may be translated realrtime. It has no divisions or parts as the other things, because of time only the present moment is existent And a moment can- not be divided. “ Time is only present in the two and a half continents inhabited by men, and the oceans belonging to them ; bej'ond this sphere there is no time or, as the Dipika correctly remarks, no divisions of time. ® Sar^tatiffi pappa = sa»/tatim prS,pya. * According to the DipikS, we should have but two divisions, viz.: I, compound things (skandha, aggregates of atoms), and 2 . not aggregated atoms; for Nos. 2 and 3 of our text are but subdivisions of No. i. ® £gattS»a puhuttSna = 6katv£na prz'thaktvfina. LECTURE XXXVI. I shall now give their fourfold division with regard to time. (12) With regard to the continuous flow (or develop- ment of a thing) it is without beginning and without end; but with regard to its existence (as an in- dividual thing) it has both a beginning and an end^ (13) The longest duration of Things without life possessing form is an immeasurable® period; the shortest one Samaya. 4(14) The longest interruption ® in the existence of Things without life possessing form is an endless time; the shortest one Samaya. (15) Their development is fivefold: with regard to 1. colour, 2. smell, 3. taste, 4. touch, and 5. figure. (16) Those which develop with regard to colour are of five kinds; i. black, 2. blue, 3. red, 4. yellow, 5. white. (17) Those which develop wth regard to smell are of two kinds: i. sweet-smelling substances, and 2. of bad smell. (18) Those which develop with regard to taste are of five kinds : i. bitter, 2. pungent, 3. astringent, 4. sour, and 5. sweet. (19) Those which develop with regard to touch are of eight kinds; i. hard, 2. soft, 3. heavy, 4. light, 5. cold, 6. hot, 7* si^ooth, and 8. rough. » The meaning of this verse is that a thing, as far as its matena! cause is concerned, has always existed, and will ever exist under one form or other, but that the individual thing in its present form has but a limited existence. « AsamkhakSlam. See above, p. 42. note 2. » Antaram; the interval between the thing being remow^ its proper scene and reaching it again (Avatfiri an ipi ' )• [45] ^ In this way the substances have been declared, which develop with regard to touch. (20, 21) Those which develop with regard to figure are of five kinds : i. globular, 2. circular, 3. triangular, 4. square, and 5. long. 5(22) Things of black colour are subdivided widi re- gard to smell, taste, touch, and figure. (23) The same subdivision holds good with blue, red, yellow, and white things. (24-27 Things of sweet smell are subdivided with regard to colour, taste, touch, and figure ; things of bad smell are similarly subdivided. (28, 29) Things of bitter taste are subdivided with regard to colour, smell, touch, and figure. (30) The same subdivision holds good with pungent, astringent, sour, and sweet things. (31-34) Things of hard touch are subdivided with regard to colour, smell, taste, and figure. (35) The same subdivision holds good widi soft, heavy, light, cold, hot, smooth, and rough things. (36-42) Things of globular figure are subdivided with regard to colour, smell, taste, and touch. (43) The same subdivision holds good with circular, triangular, square, and long things. (44-47) Thus the division of Things without life has briefly been told. B. Living Beings. I shall now, in due order, deliver the division of living beings. (48) Living beings are of two kinds: i. those still ' Each verse has the same form as 23, onlj’ that another colour is substituted for black. In the same way the subdivisions of smells, &c., are given. I give the first verse of each class and abbreviate the rest. LECTURE XXXVI. 2II belonging to the Sawsdra, and 2. the perfected souls (siddhas). 6The latter are of many kinds ; hear me explain them. (49) (i) The perfected souls are those of women, men, hermaphrodites, of orthodox, heterodox, and householders. (50) Perfection is reached by people of the greatest, smallest, and middle size on high places, under- ground, on the surface of the earth, in the ocean, and in water (of rivers, &c.). (51) Ten hermaphrodites reach, at the same time, per- fection, twenty women, one hundred and eight men ; four householders, ten heterodox, and one hundred and eight orthodox monks. (52, 53) Two individuals of the greatest size reach perfection (simultaneously), four of the smallest size, and one hundred and eight of the middle size, (54) Four individuals reach perfection (simultaneously) on high places, two in the ocean, three in water, Uventy underground, and one hundred and eight on the surface of the earth. (55) From where are the perfected souls debarred. Where do the perfected souls reside ? Where do they leave their bodies, and where do they go, on reaching perfection ? (56) Perfected souls are debarred from the (Aldka) : they reside on the top of the world ; they leave their bodies here (below), and go there, on (Vin,hna)Sarvk^ ‘ The greatest size ( 6 gaha«ii) of men is 500 dhanus, or 2,0 cubits, the smallest one cubit. * «« A the place called Ishatprigbhdra which has the form of an umbrella; (there the perfected souls go). 7(58) It is forty-five hundred thousand Y6^nas long, and as many broad, and it is somewhat more than three times as many in circumference. (59) Its thickness is eight Y6^nas, it is greatest in the middle, and decreases * toward the margin, till it is thinner than the wing of a fly. (60) This place, by nature pure, consisting of white gold, resembles in form an open umbrella, as has been said by the best of frinas. (61) (Above it) is a pure blessed place (called iSiti), which is white like a conch-shell, the anka-stone®, and Kunda-flowers ; a Y6^na thence is the end of the world. (62) The perfected souls penetrate the sixth part * of the uppermost Krd^a of the (above-mentioned) Y6^na. (63) There at the top of the world reside the blessed perfected souls, rid of all transmigration, and arrived at the excellent state of perfection. (64) The dimension of a perfected soul is two-thirds of the height which the individual had in his last existence. (65) The perfected souls, considered singly, (as in- dividuals) have a beginning but no end ; considered * Similar details are g^ven in the AupapStika Sfitra (ed. Leumann, § 163 f-)- ® According to the commentator, who quotes scripture, it decreases an angula every Ydgzna. ® Compare XXXIV, 9 and note. The commentators here treat ahka as a separate substance without oflfering any explanation. TheDipild writes sttS instead of jftS. 8* Or 333^ dhanus. LECTURE XXXVI. collectively * (as a class) they have neither a begin- ning nor an end. (66) They have no (visible) form, they consist of Life throughout, they are developed into knowledge and faith, and they possess paramount happiness which admits of no comparison. (67) They all dwell in one part of the Avorld, and have developed into knowledge and faith, they have crossed the boundary of the Saws^ra, and reached the excellent state of perfection. (68) (2) Living beings which still belong to the Saw- sira, are of two kinds : a, movable, and b. immovable ones : the immovable ones are of three kinds : (69) «. Earth Lives, 3 . Water Lives, and 7. plants; these are the three kinds of immovable living beings ; now learn from me their subdivision. (70) a. The Earth Lives are of two kinds: subtile and gross 5 and both of them are either fully developed or undeveloped. (71) The gross and fully developed are of t^vo kinds . viz. smooth or rough. The smooth ones are of seven kinds : (72) Black, blue, red, yellow, white, pale dust, and . j /V The rough ones are of thirty-six kinds : (73; Earth, gravel, sand, stones, rocks, rock-salt ®, iron, copper, tin, lead, silver, gold, and diamond ; ( 74 -) Orpiment, vermilion, realgar, SSsaka®, antimonj, > The words translated, ‘considered singly' collectively,’ are ggattg«a and pnhutt6«a 'av ^ ^ thaktvSna. 9Their usual meaning has been gi ® Lava«ds6 ? . * eor that it is > Not in our dictionaries; the comoienwors a kind of ntinerai, dhStnvijIsha. I give the Sanskrit coral, Abhrapa/ala, Abhraviluka ; these are varieties of gross (Earth-) bodies and kinds of precious stones. (75) Hyacinth, natron, Ahka, crystal, Ldhitdksha, emerald, MasAragalla, Bhu^am6^aka, and sap- phire ; (76) ATandana, red chalk, Hawsagarbha, Pulaka^ and sulphur ; jffandraprabha, lapis lazuli, 6^alakAnta, and SflryakAnta ^ (77) These thirty-six kinds of ‘ rough earth ’ have been enumerated. The ‘ subtile earth ’ is but of one kind, as there is no variety. (78) The subtile species is distributed all over the world, but the gross one (is found) in a part of the world only. I shall now give their fourfold division with regard to time. (79) With regard to the continuous flow (or develop- ment of an earth-body) it is without a begin- ning and end; but with regard to its existence in its present form it has both a beginning and end. (80) Twenty-two thousand years is the longest dura- tion of the Earth Lives; its shortest is less than a muhflrta. (81) The longest duration of the body of Earth Lives, if they do not leave that (kind of) body®, is an the stones, which cannot be identified with certainly, or are not contained in the indes of R. Garbe’s work on the Indian minerals, Leipzig, 1882. 10* A medicinal earth, commonly called Kankush///a. The enumeration contains thirty-nine, instead of thirtj'-six items, as stated in verses 73 and 76. The meaning seems to be that souls of earth-bodies live in LECTURE XXXVI. 2^5 immeasurable time; die shortest is less than one muhCrta. (82) The longest interval between an Earth Life’s lea\mg its body (till its return to it), is an endless time ; the shortest less than one Aluhftrta. (8^) Their varieties, caused by (difference of) colour, smell, taste, touch, figure, and place, are (counted) by thousands. (84) The Water Lives are of two kinds: subtile and gross ones ; and both of them are either fuliv developed or undeveloped. (85) The gross and fully developed ones are of five kinds; pure water, dew, exudations, fog, and ice. (86) The ' subtile water ’ is of one kind, as there is no vanet)'*. The subtile species is distributed all over the world, but the gross one (is found) in a part 'of the world only. (87) With regard to tlie continuous flow, &c. (as in verse So). Seven thousand years is the longest duration of the life of Water Lives, &c. (as in verse Si). (All that has been said of Earth Lives in verses 82-84 Is verbally repeated here of ‘ Water Lives.') (88-92) 7. Plants are of two kinds; subtile and gross ones ; and both of them, are either fully developed or undeveloped. 11(93) The gross and fully developed plants are of tivo kinds ; either many have one body in common, or each has its own body. (94) Those who severally have their own body are of earth-bodies, the time stated in verse Ss, while the length of each separate esistence is determined in verse St. 2i6 UTTARADm'AYANA. many kinds: trees, shrubby plants', shrubs®, big plants ^ creeping plants^, grass®; (95) Palms ®, plants of knotty stems or stalks *, mush- rooms®, water-plants, annual plants®, and herbs'®. These are called plants possessing severally their own body. (96) Those plants of \yhich many have one body in common ^e of. many kinds": Aluj^a'®, M<daya'®, ginger; (97) Harili, Sirili, Sassirili, (rival, Kiyakandali'S onion, garlic, plantain-tree, Kuoiiwaya '® ; (98) ^ Gu^A^a; it is explained to denote such plants from the single root or bulb of which come forth many stilks, e.g. Vrfntika, Solanum Melongena. - Gulma, similar to the preceding class, but bringing forth twigs or stems, instead of stalks, e.g. NavamalikS, Jasminum Sambac, Ka«avira, &c. ® LatS, as Lotus, Pandanus, &c. * Valli, as gourds, Piper Betel, &c. * Tr*«a, grass. But of the two examples given in the com- mentaij’, gu»guka is not in our dictionaries, and Arguna denotes usually a tree, TerminaUa Aijuna. ® Valaya; so called from their foliation. ^ Parvaga, as sugar-cane. 12® Kuha»a, plants which cause the earth to burst, as sarpa;t* Watra, mushroom (toad-stool). ® Oshadhi, such plants as die after hanng brought forth seed, as rice, &c. HaritakSya, as ta«<fuUya, &c. ” The plants in the following list are, according to the com- mentary, mostly bulbs, ‘ well known in the countries where they grow.’ Many of them are not in our dictionaries. I give the Prakrit form of their names, and note the Sanskrit equivalent when it can be identified. Aluka, Amorphophallus Campanulatus. ” IMfil aka, radish. ** A turious reading has for the last two words (which might be differently divided), fipaikkSikandali. The Kandali, the plantain-tree, occurs in the next line again. ” A various reading is Ku<fambaya. LECTURE XXXVr. Ldhiwihtiya, Thihiiya, Tuhaga, Kawha', Vaiggz- kanda®, Siirawaya®; (99) AssakawwiS Sihaka«»i, Musuwa^!, turmeric, and many others besides. (100) The subtile plants are of one kind, as there is no variety. Subtile plants are distributed all over the world, gross plants (are found) in a part of the world only. (101) With regard to the continuous flow, &c. (as in verse 80). (102) Ten thousand years is the longest duration of the life of plants, &c. (All as in verses 8 1-84. Substitute plants, which are here called vanaspati and panaka, for Earth-bodies.) (103-106) Thus the three kinds of immovable living beings have briefly been told. 13I shall now explain in due order the three kinds of movable living beings. (107) 6 . The movable beings are a. the Fire Lives, / 3 . the Wind Lives, and y. those with an organic body ; these are the three kinds of movable beings. Learn from me their subdivision. (108) a. The Fire Lives are of two kinds ; subtile and gross ones ; and both of them are either fully developed or undeveloped. (109) The gross and fully developed ones are of many kinds; coal, burning chaff, fire, and flame ot fire ; (i 10) . . , Meteors, and lightning, and many other kmas * Kr/sh«akanda, Nyraphaea Rubra. ® Va^rakanda of the Sanskrit Koshas. » .Sftrawa, Arum Campanulatum. Unhusta ‘ AJvakarwfi. Amkar«a is a tree,Vatjka Ro The subtile Fire Lives are but of one kind, as there is no variety, (i 1 1) The subtile species, &c. (see verses 79-84. Sub- stitute Fire Lives for Earth Lives. In verses 1 14 f., corresponding to verses 81, 89, and 103, read ‘ the longest duration of the life of Fire Lives is three days,’ &c. ; the rest as above). (112-117) )8. The Wind Lives are of two kinds, &c. (as in verse 109). (118) The gross and fully developed ones are of five kinds : squalls whirlwinds thick winds ^ high winds, low winds ; (119) And the Sa»/vartaka^ wind, &c.; thus they are of many kinds The subtile Wind Lives are but of one kind, as there is no variety. (120) The subtile speciesi &c. (as above 79-84. 14Substi- tute Wind Lives for Earth Lives. In verse 123, corresponding to 1 14, read: ‘the longest duration of the life of Wind Lives is tliree thousand years ; ’ the rest as above). (121-126) ^ UtkalikS, intermittent winds. ® Ma;;e?alikfi=s:vS.t6H. * According to the comm, these winds blow on the oceans which are situated below, the Ratnaprabhd-hell, or which support the heavenly VimSnas, and have the density of snow. Perhaps the notion is similar to that of the Hindu astronomers, who fancied that the heavenly bodies were set in motion by cords of wind called pravaha. See Sfirya SiddhSnta II, 3. ■* This seems to be the hurricane which causes the periodical destruction of the world. ButDSvendra says: ‘Sawvartaka is a wind which carries grass, &c., from the outside into a particular place.’ ® Though in the preceding verse it was said that there are five kinds of wind, six are enumerated, and more are implied by the ‘ &c.’ LECTURE XXXVI. y. Movable beings with organic bodies (i.e. animals) are of four kinds : i. those possessing two organs of sense, ii. those with three organs, iii. those with four organs, iv. those with five organs. (127) i. Beings with two organs of sense are of two kinds : subtile and gross ones. Both are either fully developed or undeveloped. Learn from me their subdivision (128) Worms, Sdmangala, Alasa^ Miivihaya®, Veisl- muha*, shells, conches, Sankhd«aga®; 15(129) Palldya, A^^ullaya, cowries, leeches, Crilaga, and ATandawa®. (130) These and others are the many kinds of beings with two organs of sense. All of them live in a part of the world only, they do not live every- where. (131) With regard to the continuous flow, &c. (as in verse 80). (132) ‘ As many of these lower animals are not known to us, I give the PrSkr/l names of those which I cannot identify. D6v6ndra says : ‘ Some of them are well known, the remaining ones are to be explained according to tradition.’ The explanation of this passage in the Ava^fkri is fuller. ® A small poisonous animal. Petersburg Dictionary, s. v. According to the (?ivavi^ra Vntti V, 16, they are earth-snakes (bhdnSga), which originate in the rainy season when the sun is in ArleshS, i.e. about the beginning of July. , * l* . * M&triv&haka. According to the description of the Av^Qn, the larvae of Phryganeae seem intended. According to the (rivavi- k&rsi Vritti, they are called /fflcfSli in Guzeratt. * Viistmukha, explained; Whose mouth is like a chisel or adze. There are many insects, e.g. the Curculionidae, which suit this description. , , » .SahkhSnaka, ‘ very small, conch-like animals. « Aranda«a = Akavr»ksha (?). According to the fflva^n^ara Vritti V, 16, they are animals liwng in water and on land, and are called Aksha in the vernacular (samayabhksha). 16The duration of the life of beings with two organs of sense is twelve years at the utmost ; the shortest is less than a muhClrta. (133) The longest duration of the body of beings with two organs of sense is a Sa»^khy6ya (or measurable time) if they do not leave that (kind of) body ; the shortest is less than one muhdrta. (134) ^35» 136 = 83, 84. Substitute ‘beings with twoi organs of sense* for Earth Lives. ii. Beings with three organs of sense are of two kinds : subtile and gross ones. Both are either fully developed or undeveloped. Learn from me their subdivision. (137) Kunthu\ ants, bugs, Ukkala, white ants, Ta«a- hira, Ka^///ah4ra, Milfiga*, Pattah^raga,; (138) Duga shining like lead, which originate in the kernel of the cotton-seed, Sad&var!, centipedes, Indagiiya; (139) Cochineal, &c. Thus they are of many kinds. All of them live in a part of the world only, they do not live everywhere. (140) 141-145 = 132-136. (Substitute ‘beings with three organs of sense.’ The longest duration, &c., is forty-nine days, verse 142 = 133.) iii. Beings with four organs of sense are of two kinds : subtile and gross ones. Both are either ICunthu of animalcules are also called A»uddhar{, see con- cerning them, Kalpa SGtra, Rules for Yatis, § 44, part i, p. 304. — Pr&krzt form of the words I cannot identify. MGlGka is the name of a plant, Ocimum Sanctum. 17It must, of course, here denote some animal.—The Glvavi/JSra enumerates many other animals, lice, bugs, different kinds of larvae living m dung, com, &c — The trfwabSra, kSshMahGra, and patra- nara seem to denote different kinds of ants. LECTURE XXXVI. developed or undeveloped. Learn from me their subdivision. (146) Andhiya, PottiyS., flies, mosquitoes, bees, moths, Dhinka7;a and Kanka^^a ; (147) Kukku^/a^, Singirt^/i, Nand^vatta®, scorpions, D6h, crickets, ViraU, A>$/S/Jiv6haya; (148) Ai&^^ila, Sahaya AM/tirddBya., Vi/^itta, Vi>§ittapat- taya®, UhlfUgaliySi, (ralakarf, Nly^, and Tantava- gaiya. (149) These and others are the beings with four organs of sense. All of them, &c. (the rest as in verses 131- 136. Substitute ‘ beings with four organs of sense.' The longest duration, &c., is six months, verse 152 = 133)- (150-155) iv. Beings with five organs of sense are of four kinds : denizens of hell, animals *, men, and gods. (156). a. Denizens of hell are of seven kinds according to the seven hells; they are called Ratnabha, .Sarkarabha, Valukabha; (i 57 ) Pankabha, Dhfimabha, Tama? and Tamatama. Thus the seven kinds of denizens of hell have been enumerated. (158) All the (denizens of hell) live in a part of the ’ Kukku/a is given in the dictionaries as the name of a small lizsLPclt • ® Nandyfivarta occurs elsewhere as the name of a particular fish, and of a shell. 18It can be neither of these in our passage, as both animals belong to other classes than the » Etymologically: with many-coloured wings. Probably butter- “^T'rikkhtitiiyak. Apparently only the hisker animals ore inmnl:fby to mri, to ^oZ animals, from .to toee« down- trards, being enumerated in to preceding classes of beings. world only; they do not live everywhere, &c. (as in verses 79 and 80). (159, 160) In the first hell the longest duration of their life is one SAgardpamA; the shortest is ten thousand years. (16 1) In the second hell the longest duration of their life is three Sigar6pam&s ; the shortest is one SAgardpamA^ (162) In the third hell the longest duration of their life is seven SigardpamAs ; the shortest is three SAga- rdpamAs. (163) In the fourth hell the longest duration of their life is ten S4gar6pamAs ; the shortest is seven SAgardpamAs. (164) In the fifth hell the longest duration of their life is seventeen SAgardpamAs ; the shortest is ten SAgardpamAs. (165) In the sixth hell the longest duration of their life is twenty-two SAgardpamAs; the shortest is seventeen SAgar6paniAs. (166) In the seventh hell the longest duration of their life is thirty-three SigardpamAs ; the shortest is twenty-two SAgardpamis. 19(167) The length of the life of denizens of hell is also that of their continuance in the same kind of body, with regard both to the longest and shortest duration of it. (168) Verses 169, 170 = 83, 84. (Substitute, denizens of hell.) b. The animals which possess five organs of sense are of two kinds, those which originate by gene- * It will be seen that the longest duration of life in each hell is always equal to the shortest in the preceding one. LECTURE XXXVI. ratio aequivoca*, and those which are born from the womb. (171) Either of them are again of three kinds: i. aquatic, 2. terrestrial, and 3. aerial animals. Learn from me their subdivision, (172) I. Fishes, tortoises, crocodiles, Makaras, and Gangetic porpoises are the five kinds of aquatic animals. (173) 174, 175“ 159. 160. The longest duration of the life of aquatic animals is one Krore of former years ® ; the shortest is less than one muhfirta. (17^) The longest duration of the aquatic animals’ continuance in the (same kind of body) is from two to nine ^ Krores of former years. (177) 178 = 83. 2. Quadrupeds and reptiles are the two kinds of terrestrial animals. The quadrupeds are of four kinds} listen to my description of them : (179) (1) Solidungular animals, as horses, &c. ; (2) Biungular animals, as cows, &c.; {3) Multiungular animals, as elephants, &c.; (4) Animals having toes with nails, as lions, &c. 20(180) The reptiles are of two kinds : i. those which walk on their arms, as lizards, &c., and 2. those which move on their breast, as snakes, &c. Both are again of many kinds. (181) ‘ SammAr-fZ/ima. They grow by assimilating the materi^s in their surrounding. According to a second explanation, their internal organ does not fully develop. > This^J ^cirSgJo the Ava^ftri,the meaning of puhutta^ prfthaktvam. OTrARAfiHYAYANA. 182, 183 = 159, 160. The longest duration of the life of terrestrial animals is three Paly6pamis; the shortest is less than one muhtirta. (184) The longest duration of the terrestrial animals’ continuance in the (same kind of) body is three Palydpamds plus from two to nine Krores of former years ; the shortest is less than one muh{lrta. (185) 186 = 83. 3. Winged animals are of four kinds: those with membranous wings those with feathered wings, those with wings in the shape of a box^ and those (which sit on) outspread wings (187) 188, 189= 159, 160. The longest duration of the life of aerial animals is an Asa»?khy^ya-part of a Palydpami* ; the short- est is less than one muhhrta. (19b) The longest duration (of the aerial animals’ continuance in the same kind of body) is an Asa^khyeya-part of a PalybpamS. plus from two to nine Krores of former years J the shortest is less than one muhftrta. (191) 192, 193 = 159, 160. Men are of two kinds ; 21listen to my description of them: men originating by generatio aequivoca®, and men born from the womb. (194) Those who are born from the womb are of three ^ E.g. the Aarma^a/akas or bats. ® Samudga. These interesting birds are said to live outside the MSnushdttara, or world inhabited by men. ® The comm, do not tell us what kind of birds is intended. * The comm, do not explain this expression ; the meaning, therefore, is doubtful. I give a literal translation of it in this and the next verse. ' See page 223, note i, on verse 171. LECTURE XXXVI. kinds those living in the Karmabhftmi », those living in the Akarmabhilnii, and those living on the minor continents ^ (195) They have, in the same order, fifteen » thirty* and twenty-eight subdivisions. These are the numbers handed down. (196) Men originating by generatio aequivoca are of as many kinds. They all live but in a part of the world. (197) Verses 198-202 = 183-186. (Substitute, ‘men’ for ‘ terrestrial animals.’) d. Gods are of four kinds ; listen to my descrip- tion of them: i. Bhaum^yikas ; 2. Vyantaras; 3. G^ydtishkas ; 4. Vaim^Lnikas. (203) There are ten kinds of Bhavanav^sins ( = Bhau- m^yikas), eight of those who live in woods ( = Vyan-. taras), five of < 9 y 6 tishkas, and two of Vaimini- kas. (204) 1. The Bhavanavdsins are : the Asura-, Ndga-, Suvarwa-, Vidyut-, Agni-, Dvlpa-, Udadhi-, Vdta-, and Gha7^ika-(Kumdras ®). 22(205) 2. The eight kinds of Vyantaras are : Pird^as, * Concerning Karmabhdmi, see part i, p. 195, note r. The Ava- ^fkri places the Akarmabhftmi first, but the next verse proves that it originally stood in the second place. 9 These are seven groups of islands situated off the eastern and western ends of the HitnSlaya, which are inhabited by fabulous races. * According to the AvaAfiri, there are five kinds in Bharata., five in Airfivata, and five in Vidfiha. ^ « Viz. five in each of the six Akarmabhfimis : Haimavata, Han- varsha, Hairanyavata, D 6 vakuru, and Uttarakuru. * According to the commentaries the word kumSra is to ^ supplied after each of the ten names. C 4 s 3 Q BMtas, Yakshas, Rakshasas, Kinnaras, Kimpurushas, Mah6ragas, and Gandharvas. (206) 3. The moons, the suns, the Nakshatras, the planets, and the hosts of stars are the fivefold dwellings of the G^y6tishkas. (207) 4. The Vaiminika gods are of two kinds: those who are born in the heavenly Kalpas, and V. those who are born in the regions above them^ (208) a'. The former are of twelve kinds : those who live in (the following Kalpas, after which they are named) : Saudharma, 1 jina, SanatkumAra, MAhdndra, Brahmaldka, and Lantaka ; (209) MahA^ukla, SahasrAra, Anata, Priwata®, Arawa, and A/^yuta. These are the gods who are bom in Kalpas. (210) b\ The gods who are born in the regions above the Kalpas are of two kinds : 23a, the GraivAyakas and the Anuttaras^. The GraivAyakas are of nine kinds. (211) a'. The lowest of the lowest, the middle of the lowest, the highest of the lowest, the lowest of the middle ; (212) The middle of the middle, the highest of the middle, the lowest of the highest, the middle of the highest ; (213) The highest of the highest. These are the Grai- vAyaka gods. ’ They are termed Kalpopaga and KalpStita. ® I am not sure that these are the correct Sanskrit forms of the two last Kalpas ; the original has Anaya and F^aya. ® I.e. those who live on the neck (griva), i.e. on the upper part of the universe. * I. e. those above whom there dwell no other gods. LECTURE XXXVI. /S'. The Vifayas, the Vai/ayantas, the 6^ayantas, tlie Apar^^tas (214) And the Sarv^rthasiddhas : these are the five kinds of Anuttara gods. These and others besides are the many kinds of Vaim&nika gods. (2 1 5-2 17=1 59-1 60) The longest duration of the life of the Bhau- m6yika gods is somewhat more than a Sdgardpam^, the smallest ten thousand years. (218) The longest duration of the life of the Vyantaras is one Paly6pam4, the shortest is ten thousand years. (219) The longest duration of the life of the G^ydtishkas is one Palydpami plus one hundred thousand years, the shortest is the eighth part of a Paly6pam&. 24(220) The longest duration of life in the Saudharma- kalpa is two S^gardpamSs, the shortest is one Palydpamd. (221) (In the same way {a) the longest, and [b) the shortest duration of life in the remaining Kalpas and heavenly regions is given in the original. I give in the sequel the substance only of each verse.) In Ijdna Kalpa {a) is somewhat more than a Sigardpamd, (b) somewhat more than a Palyd- pamd. (222) In Sanatkumdra Kalpa {a) is seven, {&) two Sdgardpamds. (223) In Mdhdndra Kalpa {a) is somewhat more than seven SagarSpamfe. (i) somewhat more than In Brahmaldka Kalpa (ff) is ten Sfigaropamds, (b) seven. (225) a In Lantaka Kalpa (a) b fourteen SagardpamSs, (b) ten. (226) In Mali^jukla Kalpa(d!) is seventeen S§.gar6pam&s, (^) fourteen ^ (227) In Sahasr^ra Kalpa {d) is eighteen Sdgar6pam&s, { 6 ) seventeen. (228) In Anata Kalpa («) is nineteen Sdgar6pamds, { 6 ) eighteen, (229) In Prdwata Kalpa (a) is twenty S 4 gar 6 pamis, (< 5 ) nineteen. (230) In Arawa Kalpa (a) is twenty-one Sigar6pamds, (^) twenty. (231) In A/§yuta Kalpa (a) is twenty-two Sdgar6pam^s, (( 5 ) twenty-one. (232) In the first (Graiv^yika region) (a) is twenty-three S^lgardpam^is, ( 3 ) twenty-two. (233) In the second (Graiv^yika region) (a) is twenty- four S^gardpam^Ls, (d) twenty-three. (234) In the third (Graivdyika region) (a) is* twenty-five Sdgardpamds, (^) twenty-four. 25(235) In the fourth (Graivdyika region) (d) is twenty-six Sigardpamds, (^) twenty-five. (236) In the fifth (Graivdyika region) (a) is twenty-seven Sigaropamis, [d) twenty-six. (237) In the sixth (Graivdyika region) {a) is twenty- eight Sdgardpamis, (d) twenty-seven. (238) In the seventh (Graivdyika region) {a) is twenty- nine Sigardpamis, {d) twenty-eight. (239) In the eighth (Graivdyika region) {a) is thirty Sigardpamis, (S) twenty-nine. (240) In the ninth (Graivdyika region) {a) is thirty-one Sdgardpam^s, (< 5 ) thirty. (241) In the four heavens (of the Anuttara gods), be- ’ From this verse to verse 241 the length of life increases by one SSgardpamS in each following class of gods. LECTURE XXXVI. ginning with Vi^ayaS (^) is thirty-tliree SSgard- pamis, (^) thirty-one. (242) In the great Viniina Sarvdrtha(siddha) there is no difference between the longest and shortest duration of life, but it is always thirty-three Sfigar6- pam&s. (243) The longest and shortest duration of the gods’ (continuance in the same kind of) body is equal to that which has been given for their life. (244, 245* 246=159, 160) We have described the Living Beings, the worldly and the perfected ones, and we have described the Lifeless Things, those possessing form and those without form. 26(247) Having thus learned (the nature of) living beings and lifeless things which is in accordance with the principles of reasoning®, and believing in it, a sage should delight in self control. (248) After having lived as a iSramawa manj'' years, a sage should mortify himself* by the following religious exercises. (249) ... The longest duration of the mortification is twelve years ; the middle, one year ; and the shortest, six months. (250) » Viz. Vi^ya, Vai^yanta, (Payanta, and AparS^iia. * Two Msi (A and D) insert after verses 245 the fol owing tvo verses; Thfiongest intUl between a Graiv 6 yika's leaving^ rank in Anata, &c., and being again born to it « the shortest is from two to nine years. In g gods the longest interi-al is a SSgarfipama plus one Sa///khjC)a, shortest is from two to nine years. * The last self-mortification, with death, is intended here. Some dctai sa in part i, p* 74 ff- In the first four years he should abstain from dressed foodb in the second four years he should keep various fasts. (251) During two years he should eat A^imla - at the end of every second fast ; in the following half year he should keep not too long fasts. (252) In the second half of the year he should keep long fasts. During the whole year he should eat but small portions of A/^imla^. 27(253) During the (last) year a sage should make the ends of two consecutive fasts meet®, and should break his fast after half a month or a whole month, (till he dies). (254) The following (Bhivanis), Kandarpa-, Abhiyd- gika-, Kilvisha-, M6ha-, and Asuratva-(Bhivanis‘’), will lead to evil ways (i. e. bad births); they are obnoxious at the time of death. (255) Those souls who cherish heretical opinions, commit sins, and kill living beings, will not reach B6dhi at the time of death. (256) Those souls who cherish orthodox opinions, do not commit sins, and are enveloped in white L^^yi, will reach B6dhi at the time of death. (257) ^ Vigat-ni^^fiha«a. The meaning is that at the end of his fasts a monk should eat l^trola, nirvikn’tika, &c. In the Ava^hri a verse from the Nijitha^hrni is quoted, which gives the same rule for the second four years. ‘ Ayama = aAdmla. Is this the same thing as the dydmaga = a^£maka mentioned XV, 13? See above, p. 72, note 2. ® K6<fisahiyam Syamam = k6/isahitam d^^mlam. The commentators give two explanations of this phrase : (i) Having fasted one day, one should take S^^mla on the next day ; (2) one should on the second day continue to abstain from S^mla. * The definition of these technical terms is given below, verses 262 ff. LECTURE XXXVI. 28Those souls who cherish heretical opinions, com- mit sins, and are enveloped in black will not reach B6dhi at the time of death. (258) Those who love the creed of the Arinas and piously practise it, will be pure and free from the soil (of passions), and will (in due time) get out of the Circle of Births. (259) The miserable men who do not know the creed of the (zinas, will many times commit unholy suicide and die against their will. (260) Those who are well versed in the sacred lore and possess much knowledge, who awaken piety (in others) and appreciate their good qualities, are for this very reason worthy to hear the doctrine of salvation \ (261) He who by ribaldry and buffoonery, by his comical habits and appearance, by jests and words amuses other people, realises the Kandarpa-BIidvan^. (262) Those who practise spells and besmear their body with ashes for the sake of pleasure, amusement, or power, realise the Abhiy6gika-BhS.vanS. (263) The deceitful man who reviles the sacred lore, the K^valins, the teacher of the Law, the Sahgha, and the monks, realises the Kilvishika-BhivanS.. (264)^ He who is continuously angry, and who puts his faith in prognostics, realises the Asuratva-Bh^- van^. (265) . , Those who use weapons, eat poison, throw them- ■ & 16 ka» 4 =xrama»aphal.m. Th' A<raMn«tetkel.« phrase: 'They are able to brlag abeat tb. siaraboa of othere. 29The original, however, has ; to hw. * The Abhij’6gidavas are genn serye th go BhdvanA leads to being born as an Abhiy6gKl6 , Bh&vanis, as a Kilvlshad6va and an Asura. 232 uttarAdhyayana. selves into fire or water, and use things not pre- scribed by the rules of good conduct, are liable to be born and to die again and again. (Such persons realise the M6ha-BhAvanS.) (266) The enlightened and liberated G^wAt?'/(putra) has thus delivered Thirty-six Lectures of the UttarA- dhyayana^ which the pious^ approve of. (267) ^ in the original. The commentators give uttara here the meaning pradh^na,' best, prominent.’- The same explana- tion is given by the scholiast on the Nandi (Weber, Sacred Litera- ture of the Jains, p. 124). Perhaps the name refers to the tradition that Mahivira recited at the time of his death the thirty-six apu/Ma-vdgara« 4 i/«, which are identified by one commentator of the Kalpa Sfitra (Lives of the Ginas, § 147) with the Uttari- dhyaj^na; for uttara also means ‘last.’ ® Bhavasiddhiya=:bhavasiddhika, explained by bhavya. ‹Previous chapterUttaradhyayana Sutra 35Next chapterSutrakritanga Sutra, First Book 1.1›Similar passagesBy tradition and source labelFind similarCompare selectedCompare with similarAsk Deep ThoughtSelect passages to search for parallels.Tap any verse to select it, then compare selected passages or ask Deep Thought. Public-domain 1895 English translation